18.3. Command Line Introduction¶

18.3.1. Navigating Directories¶

First make sure you are familiar with Path Strings.

In a command shell there is always a current working directory, usually shown in the prompt for the next command. When you open a Mono Command Prompt or Terminal window you will see a prompt that tells you what folder or directory the command shell has started in: If you directly open a terminal as in the previous section, in Windows this is typically C:\Windows\System32, and on a Mac it is typically /Users/yourLogin.

Particularly on windows, this is an annoying folder. There are several ways to get to a better location.

If you can get to a parent folder of a folder that you want in a Windows Explorer window (by right clicking on Start) or Mac Finder, there are shortcuts to opening a terminal so the current directory is one being one shown in the graphical window:

Windows

1. Note: this approach does not give your a Mono command prompt.
2. In Windows explorer navigate to the parent folder, showing the folder you want as a subfolder.
3. Hold down the shift key and right click on the desired folder. A popup menu appears.
4. Click on “Open a Command Window here”.

Mac

1. In the Finder navigate to the parent folder, showing the folder you want as a subfolder.
2. Hold down the control key and click on the desired folder. A popup menu appears.
3. Click on the bottom item Services, to get a submenu.
4. In the submenu click on “New Terminal at Folder” (likely the bottom entry).

Files in the current working directory can to referred to by their simple names, e.g., myfile.txt. You can list all the files in the directory with the simple command dir (short for directory) in Windows or ls (short for list) on a Mac.

You need to refer to files not in the current directory via a relative or absolute path name.

After starting in one folder, you may well want to change the current folder without opening a new terminal window. This is particularly true if you start with a Windows Mono command prompt. You will see below that you can change the current directory with the cd command.

On a Mac, the file system is unified in one hierarchy. On Windows there may be several drives, and you need to start a path reference with a drive, like C:, if it is not the current drive.

When you run cmd or start a Mono command prompt in Windows, you are likely to want to get to your home directory (where the Mac users start automatically).

Windows users enter the command below (substituting your login ID) to get to your home directory:

cd C:\Users\yourLoginId

The cd is short for “Change Directory”, changing the current directory.

E:

cd E:\comp170

We described above how you can use a Windows Explorer/Finder folder to open a new terminal. If you just want to change directory in an existing terminal, there is also a shortcut to copy a long folder name, given a Windows Explorer/Finder folder:

Windows

• Depending on the setup of your options, in the address bar you may not see a clear path with a drive and backslashes. In that case generally clicking to the right of any directory in the path converts the view to the version we use on the command line.
• When you see a full absolute path, you can just note it and manually copy it, or else select it all and copy it and follow the instructions in Copy and Paste to later paste in the command window.
• In any case click in the terminal window, type cd and a space, then type or paste the path.
• Of course, you can also go the other way – if you see the current directory name in the Windows prompt, type that into an Explorer address bar to see its contents in a GUI window.

On a Mac there is an easier shortcut:

• Type cd and a space to start the command in the terminal
• Locate the directory you want as a subfolder in the Finder (not opening the directory).
• Drag the directory icon to the terminal. The path gets pasted! Press return.

18.3.2. Common Commands¶

The command shell waits for you to type in a command (a short name that the shell recognizes) followed by 0 or more parameters separated by spaces (and Enter). Note that if a parameter contains spaces you must surround the parameter value with matching single or double quotes – you’ll see an example later.

We are going to mention some of the simplest uses of basic commands. More advanced documentation would include more options.

Some commands are common between the Windows and Mac shells:

dir (Windows) or ls (Mac)

to list all the files a in the current directory or a named directory.

cd

stands for Change Directory – you can use this command to change the current working directory to a different one.

You can use this command to change to directories where your C# program source files are located, if different from the initial directory.

On Windows, suppose you created a directory C:\COMP170\hello; to change to that, type cd C:\COMP170\hello and press Enter – the shell prompt will change to show this new directory location and programs like mcs and mono will be able to access files there, directly by name. If the Comp170 directory was you current directory, it would be shorter to use relative paths and just cd hello. Remember if you want a different Windows drive, you must first use a drive change command.

On a Mac absolute or relative paths work with cd. There is no issue with drives.

If you included a space in one or more of the directory names, for example C:\COMP 170\hello (a space between COMP and 170) you should enclose the path in quotes like: cd "C:\\COMP 170\\hello"

Mac Note: if you type just cd and press Enter you will change back to your home directory. There is also a shorthand name for your home directory in command paths: tilde (~), often shifted backquote on the keyboard. Sorry, no such thing with Windows.

mkdir

stands for make directory – you can use mkdir to create a new empty directory in the current directory.

For example, on a Mac with current directory /Users/YourLogin, type mkdir hello and press Enter – this will create a new directory /Users/yourLogin/hello if it did not exist before; you can now create a C# source file in that directory and enter cd hello in the command shell.

An optional Windows abbreviation is md.

rmdir

removes an empty directory that you give as parameter, e.g.,

rmdir hello

With Mono installed (and for Windows, with a Mono command window), the programs associated with Mono can be used:

mcs

compiles one or more listed C# source files without using Xamarin Studio.

csharp

is the interactive C# statement testing program.

Other useful commands, with different names for Windows and Mac, are listed next by generic function, with general Windows syntax first and Mac second, and then often examples in the same order:

Display the contents of a text file in the command window. The Unix/Mac name origin: a more complicated use of cat is to concatenate files.

type my_program.cs
cat my_program.cs

Make a copy of a file. Caution: If the second file already exists, you wipe out the original contents!

copy prog.cs prog_bak.cs
cp prog.cs prog_bak.cs

Erase or remove a file:

erase poorAttempt.cs
rm poorAttempt.cs

Another Windows equivalent is del (short for delete).

We have explained the simplest use of many of the commands above. Many modifiers are possible.

Help on a command:

Note the double dash above: This sometimes works for concise help on a Mac while you can generally get an immensely detailed help overload on a Mac from

man commandName

18.3.3. Scripts¶

This is not a subject of this course, but commands can be combined into script files.

Scripting languages are in fact whole new specialized programming languages, that include many of the types of programming statements found in C#.

18.3.4. Copy and Paste¶

Copying or pasting with a Mac is is the same with a terminal as in other editing: Use the same Apple Command key with C or P, and you can select with the mouse.

In Windows it is more complicated when using a command window: You can paste into the current command line by right clicking on the Command Window Title bar, and select edit and then paste.

By default a Windows command window is not sensitive to the mouse. You can change so that it is sensitive for select and copy: Right click in the title bar, select defaults, and make sure the check boxes under edit options are all checked. (The last two are explained in the next section.) Click OK. Then you can select with mouse and press Enter for the selection to be remembered in the copy buffer.

18.3.5. Command Line Shortcuts¶

Both Mac and Windows (with the right options selected, like the Windows check boxes in the last section), allow you to reduce typing:

You can bring back a previous command for the history of commands that are automatically remembered: Use the up and down arrows. This makes it very easy to run the same command again, or to make slight edits.

Both Windows and OS-X can see what files are in any directory being referred to. If you just start to type a file or folder name and then press the Tab key, both Windows and OS-X will do file completion to complete the name if there is no ambiguity. If there is ambiguity, they work differently:

• Windows will cycle through all the options as you keep pressing Tab.
• On the first tab OS-X will do nothing but give a sound if there is ambiguity, but the second tab will list all the options. Then you need to type enough more to disambiguate the meaning.